Controls for Differentiated Strategies Essay Example

Controls for Differentiated Strategies Essay Controls for Differentiated Strategies Different systems impact the board control forms, inward and outer variables like size, condition, innovation, relationship and procedures fashion together to what specialists call as the possibility hypothesis. These procedures and their persuasions in the board control frameworks are inclinations, not immovable guidelines. Connecting controls to techniques depends on different reasoning: (1) Different associations work in various key setting, (2) Different methodologies require various errands, achievement variables, point of view and conduct, (3) Controls are frameworks that impact the individuals behind the exercises being estimated and (4) Behavior prompted by the framework is predictable with the system. Corporate Strategies Corporate procedure is tied in with being in the correct blend of organizations. It addresses are the meaning of organizations where they contend and the sending of assets to these organizations. Three classifications characterize organizations in their corporate methodologies: (1) Single industry, a firm working one line of business, (2) Related Diversified works in a few ventures with basic center capabilities and (3) Unrelated Diversified works different organizations without association aside from money related. Distinctive corporate systems suggest diverse control structures dependent on hierarchical structures. Single ventures would be practically composed, related enhanced will be organized as specialty units while disconnected expanded would be organized as a holding organization. We will compose a custom paper test on Controls for Differentiated Strategies explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Controls for Differentiated Strategies explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Controls for Differentiated Strategies explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Corporate management’s nature with go from high to low from single industry to irrelevant enhanced. Utilitarian foundation of corporate administration begins from applicable working experience from single industry to for the most part account for irrelevant enhanced. Dynamic authority as a solitary industry is increasingly brought together to a progressively decentralized expert on disconnected differentiated. Corporate staff size, Reliance on inside advancements and Use of parallel exchanges are high on single ventures to low on disconnected broadened. Corporate culture ranges from solid on single businesses to frail on irrelevant differentiated organizations. Suggestions on the board control likewise stream corresponding to single industry to irrelevant broadened. Vital arranging insightful single businesses perform vertical-cum-level arranging while disconnected expanded are commonly vertical as it were. Control of spending supervisor on spending detailing and significance to meeting the financial plan is low on single enterprises to high on disconnected expanded organizations. Significance of move evaluating then again is high among single industry organizations and low among irrelevant expanded. Sourcing adaptability for single enterprises are compelled while inconsequential expanded gets arm’s length advertise valuing. Extra standards on single enterprises are both money related and non-monetary while on irrelevantly differentiated organizations its basically budgetary. Reward assurance is likewise exceptionally abstract for single enterprises while more equation based for random enhanced. The reward premise depends on both specialty unit and corporate execution on single ventures and inclines toward specialty unit execution based for random enhanced organizations. Specialty Unit Strategies Business system is about how to contend. With two interrelated viewpoints: its strategic (types: fabricate, hold, collect and strip) and upper hand (two different ways: cost authority and separation). The missions likewise comprise a continuum, unadulterated expand toward one side to unadulterated gather on the other. Compatibility between mission picked and kinds of control utilized prompts powerful execution. Various missions additionally require diverse administration control frameworks. Strategic Uncertainty are additionally related, form units face more prominent vulnerability versus collect because of a few reasons: (1) Build are typically done at the development stage while of the item life cycle while gather occurs at the development stage. (2) Build units are focused to expand piece of the overall industry wherein it is profoundly vicious as far as rivalry versus reap. 3) Build is likewise increasingly subject to outer information and yields, the more outer conditions the higher hazard since these are outside ones control and (4) form are frequently in new and developing ventures where supervisors have less encounters. Work to Harvest methodologies additionally is a decision of Time-length, present moment versus long haul exchange offs. Assemble directors are tuned at future benefits whil e collect administrators are progressively focused on amplifying momentary additions. As far as control frameworks varying across missions: The Importance of key arranging is moderately high on assemble and generally low on gather. Capital Expenditure Decisions are less formal on construct while increasingly formal on reap. Capital Expenditure Evaluation measures for manufacture units are increasingly accentuated on non-budgetary information while Harvests have more accentuation on money related. Rebate rates are low on assemble while high on harvest’s yet then again for venture endorsement limits at the specialty unit level its high for fabricate and low for reap. Capital venture examination is progressively emotional and subjective on develop and it moves getting increasingly objective and quantitative for collect organizations. Ramifications of various key missions on financial plan are as per the following: the job of spending plan on construct is to a greater degree a transient arranging instrument while for gather it is a control device. Business manager;s impact on spending arrangement and control limit utilized on assessment against financial plan are high on construct and low on reap. Spending updates are simple for assemble while progressively hard for reap. Casual detailing is increasingly visit on strategy issues and less on working issues for assemble and keeping in mind that it is the contrary when you go towards gather. Criticism on execution versus financial plan is less regularly on fabricate however more frequently for gather. Significance to meeting the spending plan is additionally low for fabricate however high for collect. Conduct control is additionally progressively accentuated in assemble while yield control is increasingly predominant on gather organizations. Key missions suggestions on motivator remuneration are as per the following: percent pay as reward is high on manufacture and low for gather. Extra rules for manufacture is on non-money related while its progressively budgetary on reap. Reward is resolved all the more emotionally for fabricate and more recipe based for gather. The recurrence for extra installments for fabricate is less contrasted with reap where it is progressively visit. Upper hand can be accomplished through separation or minimal effort draws near. Separation is viewed as more unsure than ease for the accompanying reasons: (1) Product Innovation is extremely basic in separation, it builds vulnerability because of its accentuation in creating new and problematic items. (2) Low expense have slender lines and limits stock versus more extensive line of separation to make uniqueness †the more the items, the more intricate the higher the vulnerability. Also, (3) ease produce straightforward items that are estimated lower than contending items, while separated items are mind boggling with increasingly nearsighted way to deal with buyers discernment that are progressively hard to anticipate in this manner making it increasingly unsure. Top Management Style Management control is vigorously affected by the administration and administrators oversee in an unexpected way. Each manager’s the executives style is affected by his experience like age, instruction, experience and his character, for example, chance craving and capacity to bear equivocalness. The executives style essentially impacts the activity of control frameworks. The executive’s inclination for utilization of data and execution survey gatherings, individual and generic controls is likewise a variable of administrative style. The significance of formal financial plans and reports versus casual discussions are profoundly subject to the kind of administration. Some are progressively quantitative while others are increasingly subjective. The demeanor of directors towards reports influence the measure of detail that they need, recurrence, diagrams versus tables or words, in this manner its best that architects of the board control frameworks likewise distinguish these inclinations and oblige them. A manager’s style likewise impacts the level of snugness or detachment of controls. This degree is likewise associated to style of the manager’s prevalent. The level of detachment likewise increments at more elevated levels of progressive system however may not additionally be summed up subject to the style of the CEO. The style of the CEO greatly affects the board control, and as every ranking director changes so does the framework change in like manner.

Climate change reflection (2 pages) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental change reflection (2 pages) - Assignment Example The innovations accessible to lessen carbon outflows incorporate the utilization of carbon catch innovation that is notable from their utilization in oil recuperation. Here, carbon dioxide is isolated from different gases that exist in a force plant. Then again, it might be caught in its beginning period before the vitality is created. This is additionally alluded to as pre-ignition. Pre-burning offer innovations with strong powers like coal and coke. Also, the advances use to expel polluting influences from syngas is equivalent to the innovation used to expel carbon dioxide from a blend of carbon dioxide and water. Also, the utilization of atomic capacity to decrease carbon is another innovation to be utilized. This is on the grounds that it dislodges power from coal just as replaces power from gaseous petrol (Oosterhuis, 2014). A portion of the strategies that can be utilized to direct carbon incorporate the utilization of top and-exchange framework whereby the framework requirements the emanations of managed sources by thinking of a restricted of discharge stipends. Moreover, most favor giving up a remittance to conceal the discharge. This is on the grounds that it mirrors the expense of the discharge decrease. Besides, in nations that are creating, it is the job of the approach creators to settle on the recompenses to issue just as the sources secured by the top. Moreover, an outflow decrease credit diminishes the creation of carbon by granting tradable credits for confirmed decreases. The utilization of the spotless vitality gauges is additionally fundamental as it sets up an innovation situated objective that is executed expense viably. Ultimately dispensing with non-renewable energy source endowments helps in getting the carbon value option to convey motivators for productivity (Jennings, 2007). The job of different nations in the decrease of carbon is by the utilization of vital systems for instance, the utilization of clean advancement instrument to

Nicomedes Márquez Joaquín free essay sample

Nicomedes Mã ¡rquez Joaquã ­n (May 4, 1917â€April 29, 2004) was a Filipino author, student of history and writer, most popular for his short stories and books in the English language. He likewise composed utilizing the pseudonym Quijano de Manila. Joaquin was given the position and title of National Artist of the Philippines for Literature. Scratch Joaquin, is viewed by numerous individuals as the most separated Filipino essayist in English composition so variedly thus well about such a large number of parts of the Filipino.He was destined to a home profoundly Catholic, instructed, and prosperous. His dad, Leocadio Joaquã ­n, was an individual of some conspicuousness. Scratch Joaquã ­n’s mother was a quite, very much read lady of her time who had concentrated in an instructor preparing foundation during the Spanish time frame. Despite the fact that still in her teenagers when the United States claimed the Philippines, she was among the first to be prepared by the Americans in English, a language she instructed in a Manila government funded school before she left educating after her marriage. We will compose a custom paper test on Nicomedes Mã ¡rquez Joaquã ­n or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page There were ten youngsters in the family, eight young men and two young ladies, with Nick Joaquin as the fifth kid. In a home where he encountered an amazingly glad youth. Everything changed after his dad lost the family fortune in due to bombed venture. The youthful Nick Joaquã ­n dropped out of school. Just ready to complete third year secondary school. Among different changes, he couldn't seek after the strict livelihood that his carefully Catholic family had imagined to be his future. Scratch Joaquã ­n himself admitted that he generally had the business for the strict life and would have entered a theological college on the off chance that it were not for his father’s death.In his young years Nick was portrayed by his sister to have had a â€Å"rabid and crazy love for books.† For he would consistently be seen holding a book in any event, while doing family errands. The two his folks had supported his enthusiasm for books. At the point when he was around ten, his dad got him a borrower’s card at the National Library. He was insatiable, perusing for all intents and purposes everything that found his connecting. In the wake of dropping out of school, Joaquã ­n functioned as a mozo (kid student) in a pastry kitchen in Pã ¡say and afterward as a printer’s fallen angel in the making office out of the Tribune, of the TVT (Tribune-Vanguardia-Taliba) distributing organization. This kicked him off on what might be a deep rooted relationship with the universe of print.

Should I Look At Test Magic Essay Samples Before I Write My Essay?

Should I Look At Test Magic Essay Samples Before I Write My Essay?Test Magic Essay samples are not limited to math and reading. There are various essays that could help you score high marks in the entrance exam for universities and colleges. These are always available online, although some may be available only from a specific website. Some other websites may give you a free essay sample and some may give you a private one, but only with the privacy of your choice.As you are sure of the course you want to take, it is better to get it ahead of time. You can start the selection process with a look at various academic essays that could suit your choice of course. You may find some samples that could also give you personal tips as well.If you want more information on essay samples, you may go through the internet or the section of the library where you can look for it. The internet will give you easy access to all the sites which offer your best option of study materials. It is an advant age to have an essay samples in hand so that you can check them if you are still uncertain of the format you want to use.However, the only downside of going through the test magic essay samples is that they will not let you know what will be presented to you in the written examination. This is why it is better to select a suitable topic and stick to it throughout the essay. If you do this, you will be able to get full benefit of the materials.One thing that you should keep in mind while selecting the subject to write about in your essay is that you have to be completely honest with yourself. As soon as you begin to write, you will find it hard to stop yourself and will not be able to prevent yourself from saying something that you have decided to put in your essay. So, take care of yourself and you will be able to achieve high marks.If you find it difficult to choose the topic to write about in your essay, you can have the option of looking through the test magic essay samples. Thes e samples may be offered online as well as in the library, but it is better to have access to them. You should never be afraid to have an idea of what topics you need to write about.So, if you are wondering whether you should look at the test magic essay samples before you begin writing, it would be better to check it out before you begin. This will allow you to make up your mind and avoid any unnecessary stress.

Gender Identity and Social Construction - 868 Words

Gender Identity and Social Construction Gender identity is a highly controversial subject. The notion that ones gender is a significant determination of personality traits, behavioral characteristics, social tendencies, romantic engagements and self-perception is a critical one. However, it is also subject to debate because of the imperatives created by the social construct of gender. This often clashes with what are, in reality, more nuanced and individualized connections to gender. This is particularly highlighted by the interview which has informed the research here. Specifically, the interview subject is a male of the homosexual orientation who would endure difficulty as a child fully understanding the meaning of his gender identity. As the discussion shows here, this is a common emotional disorder for individuals contending with some sexual confusion but should also not be conflated with homosexuality itself. According to Pheil Pheil (2005), gender identity disorders are those which stem not from the sociological pressures of conforming to certain gender traits but, instead from an internal sense or incorrect gender assignment. As Pheil Pheil indicate, this cross-gender identification must not merely be a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex. There must also be evidence of persistent discomfort about ones assigned sex or a sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex (Pheil Pheil. 1) Our interview subject wouldShow MoreRelatedSocial Construction Theory : The Product Of Society And History851 Words   |  4 PagesFall Term Essay 1 Social construction theory explains human behaviour and identities as the product of society and history (Vance 29). This theory is the opposite of biological determinism and essentialism which suggest that genetic, physiological, and biological traits determine human behaviour (Vance 29). 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So in this paper I will be analysing how social practices surrounding identity relates to gender in social, personal levels, through the work of three authors; by Ian Hacking on â€Å"kind making†, Margaret Somers on â€Å"Narrative constructionRead MoreAnalysis Of Alison Lester s 2009-2010 Book Series1312 Words   |  6 PagesLester’s 2007-2008 book series, Bonnie and Sam, it is the aim to investigate if representations continue to construct and naturalise ‘traditionally acceptable models of gender’ in contemporary Australian children’s literature. Research background: Since the 1970s, there has been a significant increasing in academic interest surrounding gender in children’s literature. Peter Hunt (2009) argues literature has gained academic focus as society comes to recognise how it can shape it â€Å"in fundamental and long-lastingRead MoreCritique. 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Case Study Analysis Business Strategies of Amazon †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Business Strategies of Amazon. Answer: Introduction Organizations worldwide are adopting online environments for doing business and establishing information systems to support their business strategies. Amazon is a popular organization that has adopted information systems for gaining competitive advantages in the retail space. This case study would explore the use of Information technology systems used in Amazon and would explore its different components including, corporate structure, corporate officers, regulatory requirements and risk management practices of Amazon. The case study analysis results would be used for making certain recommendations on improving the IT systems of the company as well as enhancing its security posture(Imran, 2014). Amazon was started by Jeff Bezos in 1995 as an online book seller and soon it started to deliver books to 50 states in 45 countries across the world. In starting, the company had a website and an order fulfilment system connected with a huge database that was run over Digital Apha Servers. By 2000, the Information system was revived with Oracle DBMS, Epiphanys analysis software and manulogistics logistics application. Business to business integrated system was provided by Excelon while Amazon Web Services and Simple Storage Service were developed by the company in-house. This report would explore the current information systems and IT management practices used by Amazon. It would make an attempt to understand the nature of the ecommerce retail business, governance structures, processes, policies, corporate offices, regulatory requirements and risk management practices of Amazon(Bluschke, 2016). The nature of the business Amazon is e-retailing organization that has 35 million customers and makes sales of $5 billion annually. Amazon has supply chain efficiencies with which it is able to provide products at affordable rates to its customers. Custom shopping experience is provided by Amazon online through product search, inside book search, wish list creation, and so on. Amazon offers multiple products including books, clothes, accessories, electronics, and more. It is present in different countries including USA, UK, Canada, China, Japan, Germany, and more(ICA, 2014). Ever since its inception, Amazon has been a successful retailer and has been able to differentiate itself from its competition such as eBay and Borders. With the Amazon platform open to resellers and integrated view of customer reviews and referrals, the company is able to capture more and more customers every time. The company has expanded into its technology offers and digital content. However, in the technology space, the company faces director competition from other giants in the space including Google, Apple, and Microsoft(Gordon, 2014). In order to evolve in the digital technology market Amazon needs to provide high quality of services. The key resources of the organization are focused on innovation and service provisions as well as on maintaining and improving its resources that include fiancs, human capital, intellectual capital and physical resources. With the large retail consent that company has, it is able to stay up with the competition as well as gain significant profit s to drive investors to them. Amazon is able to pay its suppliers in 22 days which is much less time than the competition that makes this payment within 45 days. This has also added a competitive advantage to the company by enabling a strong supplier relationship(Aggarwal Travers, 2001). Amazon has a large customer database which allows for economies in scale as well as scope with usually supportive business services offered on the same platform such that marketing efforts used for promoting outside of its platform is less. Amazon acts as an on stop shop for most needs of customers so the chances of customers switching over to competition are reduced(Ganapathy, 2015). The Kindle platform and AWS brings most revenues t the company. Amazon Prime is also used to boost its digital market through the generation of advertisements. One of the strength of the company is customer satisfaction which is due to several experiential benefits that the platform provides to its customers including peer reviews, easy checkouts, tailored product suggestions, proactive response to demands through disruptive analysis of customer data(JIRA Security and Privacy Committee (SPC) , 2007). Information System at Amazon The information system of Amazon is based on service oriented architecture (SOA) which provides opportunity to the companies to use data and logic multiple times and enables the company to develop a variety of software components rapidly with sustainability. The framework enables integration of modular and structural components along with the support for large transactions. Services can be accessed from multiple platforms and from different locations such that consumer demands can be fulfilled instantly(AHIMA, 2014). The information system of Amazon mainly consists of transaction processing system, recommendation system , and interactive search system. Transaction system allows customers to personalize their profile and order products online through credit or debit card payment and using one click purchase feature. Recommender system makes recommendations to customers based on their past purchases and searches. Interactive searching helps customers explore catalogues to find specific items(AJAYI, 2003). Besides these specific information systems, the company uses enterprise wide IT systems for managing its retail supply chain that includes Enterprise Resource management system and Customer relationship management system. ERP database holds customer information and automates ordering process by searching the nearest distribution centre automatically. CRM system is uses for collecting all the customer data including orders, transactions, card records, profile, past purchases, wish list, product reviews, and customer feedback(Imran, 2014). Information technology systems need to be sustainable and continuously improved in order to sustain business operations in the modern world. Amazon has been upgrading and improving them ecommerce systems through the use of Big Data Analytics that uses huge data sets generated from page visits, clicks, user time on website, their demographics, social information and visit times(MYOB, 2016). Big data also gives the analysiss information about the demand and supply scenarios in every stage of the supplely chain of Amazon. Amazon has invested a significant amount on its IT systems including website management, search functionality, customer interaction, transaction processing, and order fulfilment. These systems not just need a huge investment but also a well-developed It infrastructure which Amazon has(Aggarwal Kapoor, 2012). Information technology is important for Amazon as the company has to deal with a large number of products, enquiries, requests for gift wrapping, and choice of shopping methods. Amazon uses Apathy Cloud software for managing its marketplace, inventory, and order management system. IT is used by the company to create a sustainable advantage such that the company is able to differentiate it from competition. Amazon Web Services provide storage and computing services to the corporate which generates a revenue stream for the retailer. Organizations that do not have finances for investment into IT are usually suitable for AWS(Ganapathy, 2015). Governance structures, processes, and policies IT governance has three main objectives to fulfil and these include regulatory or legal compliance, operational excellence, and optimum risk management. It results from a combination of factors including structure, leadership, and processes. IT governance usually comes in two forms that include governance institute model and archetypical model(Arnold, 1991). The institute model has objectives like strategic alignment of IT with business processes, value generation from IT, IT resources management, risk management, performance monitoring, IT principles adherence, IT architecture development, IT infrastructure development, understanding of business application needs, and investment prioritization for IT systems. IT governance structure talks of the distribution of rights to decision making by different parties in a system(Mortel, et al., 2012). As per the archetypical information technology governance model, IT governance involves two research streams including firm size and factors affecting decisions. Contingencies affect the structural decisions of the organization which can be centralized or decentralized. In centralized structure, economies of scale are the focus while in a decentralized structure(Mortel, et al., 2012); customization and integration of changing processes are important(Chittum, 2011). The decision making structures are affected by the archetypical political structures that include IT monarchy, business monarchy, and IT duopoly, federal, feudal, and anarchical structures(VISA, 2000). Organizations can assess their own IT systems using different models including Carnegie Mellon's capability maturity model integration and COBIT framework management guidelines. CMMi identifies 5 maturity levels of IT systems in six categories including communication maturity, competency maturity, governance maturity, partnership maturity, technology maturity, and skills maturity. In COBIT framework, beside the maturity models indicating value delivery, key goal indicators (KGI), and critical success factors (CSF), and key performance indicators (KPI) are also determined(Gordon, 2014). Corporate officers and their roles When establishing any organization, a bard of directors is established from top corporate officers including Chairman, corporate treasurer, and corporate secretary. These officers are responsible for providing operational guidance to the corporation. Their responsibilities include fiduciary like achieving financial well-being of the organization and strategic which involving setting up of vision, mission, and policies for an organization. The roles of each of these executive officers include(BMW Manufacturing Co., LLC, 2015): Chairman: A chairman is the primary spokesperson of an organization who signs legal documents on behalf of the board of directors. A chairman participates in board meeting and ensures that they go as per pre-decided agenda. Jeff Bezos is the Founder, CEO, and chairman of the organization. He has served the company as President from 1996 till 1999 and then from 2000 till today(Demir, 2017). Corporate Vice President: Corporate VP chairpersons the company but on ad-hoc basis but also has some regular duties in an organization. Amit Agarwal who is the head of Indian division of Amazon is also Corporate Vice President of the organization. Besides him, there are senior Vice Presidents of divisions of the company including Business Development, seller services, Web services, worldwide digital media, International retail, Finance, Ecommerce platform, North America Retail and Worldwide operations(WikiInvest, 2010). Corporate Board Secretary: The responsibility of the secretary is to create and maintain company records and documents. Minutes of the board meetings are recorded by the secretary. Besides the meetings, there are other corporate records to be maintained by the secretary that include events, personnels records, payroll records, and policies The responsibility of ensuring that these records are kept safe is with the secretary. L. Michelle Wilson is the Secretary, General Counsel, and the senior vice president of Amazon(Buckley, et al., 2015) Corporate Board Treasurer: Corporate Board treasurer chairs the finance committee of the board. The responsibility of the treasurer to maintain the financial well-being of an organization but his duties is not routine. His responsibility include development of budget, maintenance of budget, creating and review of financial policies, investment decisions review, annual finance audit of the corporation. Andrew Beath has been a Director and treasurer for the board of Amazon since 1997(Ward, 2010). Regulatory requirements Regulatory environment plays a significant role in determining any companys success Government imposes taxes and have several other regulatory measures that are intended to promote the economic growth of the organization and provide consumer protection from exploitation by any organization. With an understanding of regulatory environment, an organization can adapt its operations to the regulatory features. These regulatory measurements could be related to taxation, trade policies, economic policies, and politics(DH/Digital Information Policy, 2007). Each of these factors affects the working of an organization in specific regulatory environment. For instance, in case of trade policies, there can be multiple policy requirements such as tax policies, fiscal policy, monetary policy, regulatory policy, government policy and polices about property rights. A trade policy can either prevent or promote business growth in a country depending on whether it promotes free trade or not. Strict tra de policies can lead to trading losses for an organization(Demir, 2017). There are no single set of regulatory requirements that an organisation has to take care of while operating if it is a multinational organization like Amazon as every country can have a different regulatory environment. Thus, the organization is likely to ace different regulatory challenges. For instance, in India, the government has passed regulations that can affect the pricing and sales sourcing which currently Amazon seems to be violating. The organization has not been provided with sufficient time for enforcement and thus, it is a challenge for the organization. This can pose restrictions on the way ecommerce foreign companies operate in India such as Amazon. A major success for Amazon in India has been due to us Cloud tail strategy but it has now become illegal which would lead to a loss of up to 50% of the sales Amazon makes in India(PYMNTS, 2016). In Texas, company faces challenges in its operations due to unfriendly regulatory environment. As per the government rule, a retailer was not required to pay taxes unless it was in the physical nexus. Amazon had physical operations in only 17 states and thus, for other locations, Amazon could enjoy tax free facilities. However, with some legal trucks applied, Amazon was able to save more on taxes. Amazon had a distribution centre in Texas but did not pay sales tax that resulted into legal disputes as government emended $269 million which was claimed as uncollected taxes from Amazon in 2016(Chittum, 2011) Risk Management The risk management practices of the company are considered good worldwide especially in ecommerce Fraud Prevention. It uses latest technologies like statistical data modelling, cloud computing and has scalable distributed systems to support its transactions worldwide. The company has established a Transaction Risk Management Services (TRMS) for designing and building performance software systems and for preventing frauds in transactions(Ward, 2010). Risk management in retail involves identification of security risks that an information system may face and taking steps to reduce or counter the security threats. Several measures can be taken by the retail organization in order to do this such as development of an internal fraud management system which is used by Amazon(COmmon Criteria, Federal Ministry of the Interior ). There can also be certain other measures that Amazon has taken to secure its internal systems as well as the ecommerce system for the protection of consumers including use of Verified by Visa and MasterCard Secure Code while making transactions, establishing a process for managing post-authorizations, using display effective policies, and intrusion prevention through passwords and software updates(VISA, 2012). Recommendations for Improvement Based on the study conducted on the IT systems of Amazon, some suggestions can be made for the improvement of its systems and structures such as: Amazon has good presence all over the world and has established and world class IT systems that are used for managing its operations. However, when it comes to the governance aspect, the company faced several challenges in multiple countries including developed countries like India. Thus, it is recommended that the company works to improve upon its strategies to take care of governance aspects by adopting local approaches to managing its IT systems in specific countries like India(Bluschke, 2016). Cyber crime is increasing day by day and affecting retail operations such hat ecommerce is at a big threat which is the key business model for Amazon. Thus, the company needs to use more intense measures for security and protection of organization as well as consumers. Business model of Amazon can be imitated and thus, it must work on building stronger competitive advantages using its IT systems such that it can stay ahead in competition(Buckley, et al., 2015). Amazon uses ERP systems that have helped it enhance its IT potential but its knowledge management is still an area that needs improvement as it is not integrated to the ERP or IT system of the organization. With its integration, customer issues resolution would improve which would drive up the customer satisfaction for Amazon. Most of the IT systems used in Amazon are standard. However, with adoption of new technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Amazon can create a special bond with the customers as it would allow the company representatives to connect with people in a more engaging manner(Barrett, 1996). Amazon can enhance its synergy between its different systems by integrating the information sources like sales, advertisement and after sales services such that its information systems can be better used to aid the customer at every touch point. Integration can be done with the social networking platforms which would allow the company to promote its products and services getting closer to the customers(COmmon Criteria, Federal Ministry of the Interior ). Amazon can improve its sorting feature on the ecommerce platform by allowing customers to have more filtering options such as sorting of products based on reviews or recent sales Amazon has been facing issues of phishing with customers as it has been continuously improving its systems and thus, it should create awareness about the same to the customers so as to reduce the phishing threats to its customers. Marketing campaigns of Amazon can be customized across different consumer communities and include the suggestions of customers while making customized information available to them Transparency in the systems can be improved if dashboards are provided to sales people for tracking sales across product lines and identifying individual contributions of the sales people while measuring key performance indicators(Chittum, 2011). Conclusions This case study was prepared to identify and analyse the Information Systems Strategies and Information technological management structures used in organizations. For this, the paper took the case of Amazon which is an online retail giant and explored the information systems used in Amazon, corporate structure used in the organization, corporate officers managing the organization, regulatory requirements and risk management practices in the organization. It was found that Amazon used some state of art information technology systems and a variety of information service was provided to its customers through digital media. It uses big data technologies for understand its customers and make modifications in their offers and offer customized recommendations to retain customers. The organization as a very strong database of customers. In the security posture, the company has a special team for managing security of its IT systems and has a very strong fraud prevention program. However, in some areas of IT management, the company is facing some major challenges such as governance. It has faced legal hassles in countries like India and US against the taxation and other legal matters which it is required to resolve. Based on the case study analysis, certain recommendations were made to improve the security posture of the organization as well as enhancement of the IT systems of Amazon. Some of these recommendations included integration of its knowledge management with ERP, improvement in it sorting feature, increasing transparency, and educating customers about phishing attacks. References Aggarwal, A. K. Travers, S., 2001. E-Commerce in Healthcare:Changing the Traditional Landscape. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, 15(1), pp. 25-36. Aggarwal, N. Kapoor, M., 2012. Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) - Its role and importance in Business Competitiveness. GIAN JYOTI E-JOURNAL, 1(2), pp. 1-14. AHIMA, 2014. INFORMATION GOVERNANCE Principles for Healthcare (IGPHC), s.l.: American Health Information Management Association. AJAYI, O. T., 2003. INTERACTIVE DATA VISUALIZATION IN ACCOUNTING CONTEXTS: IMPACT ON USER ATTITUDES, INFORMATION PROCESSING, AND DECISION OUTCOMES, Lafayette: University of Louisiana. Arnold, S. E., 1991. STORAGE TECHNOLOGY:A REVIEW OF OPTIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING, s.l.: Information Access Company. Barrett, P., 1996. BETTER PRACTICE PRINCIPLES FOR PERFORMANCE INFORMATION, s.l.: Australian National Audit Office. Bluschke, N., 2016. To E or not to Be Amazon's role in the retail industry, s.l.: Module Vienna University. BMW Manufacturing Co., LLC, 2015. Information Technology Research Center. [Online] Available at: https://www.bmwusfactory.com/manufacturing/building-a-better-bmw/information-technology-research-center/ [Accessed 24 December 2015]. Buckley, C., DeFina, P. Root, L., 2015. WALMART VS AMAZON: Economist 2016 Investment Case Competition , s.l.: RealVision . Chittum, R., 2011. Amazon Bolts Texass Unfavorable Regulatory Environment. [Online] Available at: https://archives.cjr.org/the_audit/amazon_bolts_texass_unfavorabl.php [Accessed 20 May 2017]. COmmon Criteria, Federal Ministry of the Interior . Common Criteria Protection Profile Biometric Verification Mechanisms. Bundesamt fr Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik , pp. 2-64. Demir, A., 2017. Management Information System: Case Study of Amazon.Com. Journal of Research in Business and Management, 4(11), pp. 11-17. DH/Digital Information Policy, 2007. NHS Information Governance: Guidance on Legal and Professional Obligations, s.l.: NHS . Ganapathy, N., 2015. Inside Amazon: a Great Environment Fostering Innovation or a Brutal Workplace?, s.l.: SDMIMD. Gordon, F. R., 2014. Information Technology Governance Structures on Strategic Alignment, s.l.: Liberty University. ICA, 2014. Acquisition, development Implementationof Information Systems, India: ICA. Imran, A. A., 2014. A STUDY ON AMAZON: INFORMATION SYSTEMS, BUSINESS STRATEGIES AND e-CRM, s.l.: University of Malaya. JIRA Security and Privacy Committee (SPC) , 2007. Information Security Risk Management for Healthcare Systems , s.l.: MITA (Medical Imaging Technology Alliance) . Mortel, C., Wu, P.-L. Chan, C.-H., 2012. The e-commerce industry, s.l.: Amazon. MYOB, 2016. Protecting your confidential information. [Online] Available at: https://myob.com.au/myob/australia/myob-security-recommendations-1257829253909 PYMNTS, 2016. Amazons Ambitions In India May Have Hit A Regulatory Roadblock. [Online] Available at: https://www.pymnts.com/amazon-commerce/2016/amazons-ambitions-in-india-may-have-hit-a-regulatory-roadblock/ [Accessed 20 May 2017]. VISA, 2000. Risk Management Risk Management: Merchant Best Practices, s.l.: VISA. VISA, 2012. merchants guide to merchants guide to Risk management , s.l.: VISA. Ward, T., 2010. Strategies for Reducing the Risk of eCommerce Fraud, s.l.: First Data Corporation.. WikiInvest, 2010. Amazon Executive Officers. [Online] Available at: https://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Amazon.com_(AMZN)/Executive_Officers [Accessed 20 May 2017].

NR449 Evidence Based Practice Essays - Human Behavior, Behavior

NR449 Evidence Based Practice Gregory Deloache A. Clinical Question Whenever there are many different people working together, different attitudes and personalities can make for an interesting, and sometimes, conflict filled work environment. Being civil is one of life's easy tasks, however, incivility in the nursing environment has been recognized as a growing problem. According to the ANA, incivility is one or more rude, discourteous, or disrespectful actions that may or may not have a negative intent behind them. (ANA, 2016) This growing problem not only affects the patients whom the nurses care for, but also the nurses themselves. Nurses that experience incivility in the workplace statistically may experience higher stress and anxiety, act out those behaviors towards others, and shut down the communication necessary to provide effective care. The Joint Commission acknowledges that unresolved conflict and disruptive behavi or can adversely affect safety and quality of care . (The Joint Commission, 2008) The purpose of this paper is to bring awareness to nursing incivility in the workplace and to change these behaviors so that patient care can be optimal. (P): nurses experiencing incivility in the workplace. (I): increase education and sensitivity training. (C): have harsher punishments for incivility. (O): less incivility and bullying in the workplace amongst health care professionals. B. Levels of Evidence Incivility is defined as rude or impolite attitude or behavior by Webster's online dictionary. (Webster's, 2016) It has been recorded that new nurses quit within the first six months of working due to incivility and bullying by other nurses. This is a problem that can be, I believe, resolved or decreased by giving the healthcare professionals strategies for stress reduction, sensitivity counseling through workshops, and to work harder towards identifying and eliminating such behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to interpret the quantitative and qualitative articles identified to see whether they are or are not important to our group topic. The paper will compare and contrast the main components of the matrix table. C. Search Strategy While conducting research for this topic, correct terminology is important. Some search terms I used were "incivility", "qualitative", and "workplace bullying". These helped to narrow down my search from articles relating to this topic. The search engines I used were E BSCO and google scholar. The two articles I chose were " The nursing incivility scale: Development and validation of an occupation-specific measure " by AM Guidroz and JL Burnfield-Geimer and " Incivility and bullying in the workplace and nurses' shame responses " by DM Felblinger . I chose t hese two articles because they are credible and relevant to the PICOT question. Because these articles were written by medical professionals they are found to be reliable sources. They were also deemed credible, too, because statistics relating to nursing incivility were stated throughout. References to the ANA and The Joint Commission showed that intensive research was complete d when writing these two articles. I believe that these articles will be useful for this topic now and for any additional information needed in the future. D. Conclusion No one wants to work in a place where they feel uncomfortable or feel like they are being bullied. Being uncivil at work not only hinders necessary communication amongst nurses and staff, but also hinders adequate patient care. It is important to put aside any animosity for fellow co-workers so that quality care to the patients is provided. At the end of the day, we are there to care for and heal the patient. The more knowledge we can gain through increased education , the better we can prevent this from occurring. References: ANA. 2016. Incivility, Bu llying, and Workplace Violence. http://www.nursingworld.org/Bullying-Workplace-Violence Merriam-Webster. 2016. Incivility. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/incivility The Joint Commission Sentinel Event Alert. (20 08). Behaviors that undermine a culture of safety; Issue 40. www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA_40.pdf QRCA. 2016. What is Qualitative Research? http://www.qrca.org/?page=whatisqualresearch

gorillas essays

gorillas essays Relationship Between Aggression and Group Composition in Female Lowland Gorillas Abstract: Gorillas are an intelligent and fascinating species. They are very complex animals that can even learn sign language. Females are very caring to their young in raising them for years and wont abandon them like some other species do. Differences in aggressive behaviors among different groups of female Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) will be investigated. Groups containing only females, females and a male, and females with young will be observed at two zoos in Canada. Aggressive behaviors in females will be observed and categorized to determine if group composition does have an effect on aggression. Background: Generally, Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) groups consist of a silverback male, a few immature males, and several females and young (Gould 1993). Silverbacks are the leaders of the groups, and are named as such because the hair on their back turns from black to silvery gray as they mature (Watts 1985). Immature males range from eight to twelve years old. Males may travel on their own to search for mates, and females will leave a group only when there are no suitable mates available (Mace 1988). Aggression is very important in establishing hierarchies in groups. Gorillas show aggression by biting, hitting another gorilla or object, beating their chest, baring their teeth, charging, and grabbing at infant gorillas. Silverbacks maintain order within groups by reducing the amount of aggression shown by males and females. They do this by beating their chest, charging, and baring their teeth. Sometimes they will make a large roar at other gorillas. All group members listen to him because he is the biggest, strongest, and offers them protection (Maple 1982). Gorillas are distinguishable from one another by their facial features, especially their nose prints (Weber 2001). Nose prints are the creases on their nos...

Risk management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Risk management - Assignment Example Integrating risk assessment in every process at the organization improves the quality of decisions made in avoiding losses and eliminating uncertainties. The approach taken in risk management proposes that organizational processes and decisions adopt a thorough implementation of projected objectives. It therefore implies that risk management principles facilitate the integration of every level of coordination of organizational operations and functionalities. Inclusiveness of every organizational need in the success definition elevates the management of the organization to a vintage point enabling tackling of all challenges. Reliance on the latest form of information and of the best available quality enables the risk management concept an important organization development strategy since it enables anticipation and understanding. Accountability to the human society and every vital stakeholder in the projects under the organization ensures that the organization development is in tandem with the aspirations of the stakeholders and to whom accountability is expected. In a precise description, risk management enables the organization to handle all tasks in a responsible manner, cognizance of internal and external demands on the industry. The main principles as set out in Risk Management Standard AS/NZS ISO 31000 are briefly highlighted below. It is in order to state that risk management creates and protects value. Without risk management, the organization would encounter losses through various avenues including legal, security, and human health. When the organization applies risk management, it takes adequate measures to ensure that its objectives are achieved and losses minimized. Risk management is an important part of the organization’s activities and should be considered by all stakeholders in view of all processes. Without taking risk into account, decision makers would make choices without regard to important priorities. In view of risk management, mana gers and other decision makers cautiously undertake various activities and analyse various options before making choices. Uncertainty is one factor that risk management seeks to explicitly address. This is so considering that many threats and risks that a business encounters come unexpectedly and may bring massive losses to the organization. When risk management is done, the losses that may come with risks are minimized. The effectiveness of risk management depends on how it is done. When properly structured, and systematically and timely done, the results of the process are better compared to when otherwise done. Also, effective risk management involves the analysis of threats and risks based on available data and using the information available to predict possible outcomes of situations and their probabilities. However, in some cases, data is limited and decision makers have to stretch their minds in their risk management efforts. Risk management is not a standard procedure but de pends much on the internal and external environments of an organization. This means that the risk management activities of one organization may not effectively apply for another business. In addition, cultural and human factors must be taken into account if effective risk management has to be done. This is so considering that people working for the organization or those external to the organization can affect the business’

Emotional inteligence and the Cognitive resource theory of The Home Research Paper

Emotional inteligence and the Cognitive resource theory of The Home Depot - Research Paper Example Moreover, some examples from the book of Daniel Goleman â€Å"Emotional Intelligence† have been presented. Moreover, all the forms of intelligence have been defined to clarify the exact base of emotional intelligence. Previous researchers claim that there are two types of intelligence, verbal intelligence and the academic intelligence. The significance of intelligence is obvious as it decides the position of people in hierarchy ladder. Only very intelligent people secure the place of a leader because they have the ability to solve intricate problems with ease. The traditional intelligence has a clear association with verbal intelligence both are evaluated by IQ tests. According to a meta-analysis conducted by Timothy Judge, Amy Colbert, and Remus Ilies (2004) leadership and verbal intelligence has .21 and .27 range association that is not equally greater than common shrewdness. However, past examination also exhibited negative attachment between leadership and intelligence as well as the competency of leadership was not found commendable (Lord, DeVader, & Alliger, 1986). Obviously, there have been some issues; therefore, leadership and intelligence could not build powerful association. If the intelligence of a leader is far superior to his/her followers the followers would definitely not recognize it and consequently do not backup the leader. According to the social theory of Hogg (2001), the tendency of followers is not psychologically different from other selection approaches; the followers always select a person who is perfect among them; the followers always reject a leader who is far superior in intelligence than the followers. The intelligence and leadership association can be modified through factors of situation. The hindrance in enhancement of leadership competency is a test of stressful situations and crisis as the leader tries to resolve the issue through planning whereas the problem requires swift action (Fred Fiedler, 2002). On the contrary, in crisis and strenuous circumstances, Fred Fiedler (2002) explains in his cognitive resources theory, the experienced leader is usually found more effective because he/she has acquired training and experience to implement behavioral actions; these experienced leaders are just like fire fighting or military leaders who take fast actions during strenuous situations. However, when there is no direct crisis and intelligent leaders have time to analyze problem to find the solution, in accordance with cognitive resources theory, intelligent leaders can beat experienced leaders. Thus, intelligent leader can only enjoy success sometime. Moreover, efficient leadership can be successful with particular knowledge of the related trade, for instance, a sport team leader can successful, if he/she has skills and athletic information rather than verbal intelligence. For leadership emergence and competency, the other shapes of intelligence are more highly involved as compare to verbal intelligence and the fact must be kept in perception, importantly. The other shapes of intelligence such as social intelligence, or understanding of people through social interaction. These forms of intelligence are more significant for leadership in contrast to IQ. Furthermore, the new form of

Alcoholic - Homebrew Lyrics Response Essay Example for Free

Alcoholic Homebrew Lyrics Response Essay hi everybody, welcome to the wednesday meeting, yep yep. um everybody give it up for eli, first of all, whos been offthe meth for a whole month now, and his wifes getting outof jail next thursday, is that right? anyway weve got a new speakertoday so big round of applause for this young man here. its been about a week nowIm startin to get weak nowI wake up at 11:30 thats when I start getting thirsty andI dont know what it isall I know theres a bottle in the fridgewith my name on itif I want itcause Im an alcoholic and I knowyeah hi my name is Tom Im an addictcant really remember just how long I been at itIm guessin that this happened like a pattern and a problemcause my fathers a fiend andso was mum so its somethin like part of my genesbut its hard to get clean but its hard to sustainbut at the end of it I really can only answer to meand its the way it is I truly learned thatso dont give me all that. Channeling the universe crapthats a load of s**t I aint tryna to pass the blamelike its just a part of fateand I aint got a part to playcause if thats the case then I really cant escapemight as well just start the day with a glass of chardonnaylike my dad does thinking that time can never catch usfollowing my nose kinda like my bro. Haz doesbut Im scared Ill end up in a home like daz wasthat dude went mad once,but na f**k that buzzIm looking for a little morebut s**t is rawcause its just a little short walk to the liquor store,a little more to middlemoremy mind keeps saying this is what Im living for but my liver isnt sureits 6 In the mornin were about to close the clubbut we know the owner so were there until they open upand thats why Im broke as f**k bank account Golden Duckblowing bucks on these drugs going nuts tryna sober upI woke up Friday morninglying on the floor in a one man cellhe said I punched that C**Tstablehow many lies can one man telland now Im on probationIm getting rehabilitationasking for some explanation. I saidI just like getting wastedso dont ask why Im stonedand look lady I dont knowsign my forms so I can gocause I got court at 9 tomorrowand if the judge is a b***h I could even jump of a bridgeor go get on itcause Im an alcoholic and I knowI f****n hate this placef****n hate this place more than f****n ace of bassf**k what this lady says I bet shes smoked moresmack than Ive ever drunk beerand then she asks me if I been high this week; f**k yeah! Ive been high like a pilotwhy try to deny I wont lie iv been wiredpopping E like vitamin cyou wanna read my mind like a psychicyou really wanna know why. I get highcause I like itdoes it really take a f****n Einstein to figure that outhow much more s**t can you spit out your fat mouthwho would have known youd get addicted to crackWOWwhat a f****n breakthrough everybody clap nowjust give it up for jack for giving up the crackits been a whole week since he had a huff and snaprolled his dead ex-wife in some bubble wrapfilled a duffel bag with all her husbands stuff and gapped, yeahits been a month and they got nothing backjust a lecture from some alchie and a drunken cattryna to tell me how to me live my lifebro cut the crapSobriety? what the f**k is that? Cant even spell it broi f****n hate this place like the f****n ellen showstraight upi f****n hate this place like f****n baby face,and eric claptonnah f**k this s**t i aint even finished this s**t,ya knowi wont go and get stoned with some hippie b***h with ankle bracelets English Assignment 91106 Text type: Song lyrics Title: Alcoholic – Homebrew This song really helped to picture the life of a man stuggling with alcoholism/being an alcoholic. The song explains how he ended up as an alcoholic, his struggles with day to day life trying to become sober, and the consequences of not being sober and giving into the temptation of alcohol. The writer blames his parents for the way that he has acted around alcohol, â€Å" Im guessin that this happened like a pattern and a problem cause my fathers a fiend and so was mum so its somethin like part of my genes† and â€Å" might as well just start the day with a glass of chardonnay like my dad does thinking that time can never catch us†, the writer believes that his genetics caused him to be an alcoholic, but also that his fathers habit of drinking chardonnay first thing in the morning has led him to believe it is normal. I think it is very logical for the writer to blame his parents for this, especially the fathers bad habit of drinking chardonnay in the morning, as children are meant to learn from their parents, this is what the writer has learnt from his father. This is all relevant to families all over the world, as in every culture children are influenced by their parents actions, and if their parents are heavy drinkers then its normal for their children to believe that large quanties of alcohol consumption is normal which in many cases leads to alcoholism. The writer continues to write about the struggles of trying to be sober â€Å" its been about a week now Im startin to get weak now I wake up at 11:30 thats when I start getting thirsty†, after only a week of being without alcohol, life is getting unbearable and he is starting to feel week, getting the urges to consume alcohol as soon as he wakes up in the late morning. â€Å"all I know theres a bottle in the fridge with my name on it if I want it† and â€Å"but its hard to get clean but its hard to sustain† the writer finds it hard to continue being sober when he knows that there will always be a bottle of alcohol somewhere to turn to, if he decides he wants it. I really do feel for the writer, as he has a serious problem, and is clearly struggling with day to day life trying to stay sober. The constant repitition of the line â€Å"cause Im an alcoholic and I know it† is the writer trying to justify his actions, which is common for alcoholics to do. I do sympathise and unstand the writer, as alcoholism is a disease, yet I believe he gives up too easy and gets himself into un-needed trouble which relates to the youth in New Zealand. The youth in New Zealand begin drinking alcohol at an early age, which is some cases leads to alcoholism causing many teenagers and young adults to get into trouble with the law as the writer soon explains as he finally gives into the urges of drinking alcohol â€Å" I woke up Friday morning lying on the floor in a one man cell† â€Å" and now Im on probation, Im getting rehabilitation†. This is explaining the consequences of heavy drinking, which is a common thing in New Zealand and many other countries. Heavy drinking can lead to serious consequences such as ending up in jail, on probation and rehab as the writer has mentioned. I feel like this song explains the stuggles of alcoholism, which is a huge problem in many countries and needs to be taken more seriously. Alcoholism is a disease and needs to be treated like one so that sufferers of the disease get the help they need to stop them from getting into trouble.

The Hysteria Over Conversion Disorder Essay -- Health Medicine Biology

The Hysteria Over Conversion Disorder Scientists in fields connected to neurobiology and psychiatry remain mystified about the cause of Conversion Disorder. The disorder is characterized by physical symptoms of a neurological disorder, yet no direct problem can be found in the nervous system or other related systems of the body. This fact alone is not unusual; many diseases and symptoms have unknown origins. Conversion Disorder, however, seems to stem from "trivial" to traumatic psychological events and emotions rather than biological events. The extreme symptoms often disappear as quickly as they appear without the patient consciously controlling or feigning them. Thus, Conversion Disorder serves as a significant example of how blurred the conceived demarcated divisions of mind/body/behavior can be. Conversion Disorder is diagnosed solely by its physical symptoms seen in patients. Symptoms can be divided up into three groups: sensory, motor and visceral. Sensory symptoms include anesthesia, analgesia, tingling, and blindness. Motor symptoms may consist of disorganized mobility, tremors, tics, or paralysis of any muscle groups including vocal cords. Visceral functions include spells of coughing, vomiting belching, and trouble swallowing (1). Most of these symptoms are strikingly similar to existing neurological disorders that have definitive organic causes. Conversion Disorder, on the other hand, defies the nerve patterns and functions from which the symptoms should follow. CT scans and MRIs of patients with Conversion Disorder exclude the possibility of a lesion in the brain or spinal cord, an electroencephalograph rules out a true seizure disorder, and spinal fluid eliminates the possibility of infections or ot... ...ies in the seeming dichotomy between mind and body. This dichotomy however remains a created one for the benefit of our own understanding. Yet, in the case of Conversion Disorder, delineated scientific thinking seems to have prevented our understanding rather than facilitating it; by inspecting the trees, we are missing the forest. References 1)PsychNet-UK http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/conversion_disorder 2)Emedicine: Instant access to the minds of medicine., Dufel, Susan M.D. "Conversion Disorder". http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic112.htm 3)Parobek, Virginia M."Distinguishing conversion disorder from neurologic impairment".Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 04/97. Volume 29. Number 2. p. 128. Infotrack: Expanded Academic , scroll down to E-journals, select Science Direct and search for title http://www.brynmawr.edu/Library/Docs/biology.html The Hysteria Over Conversion Disorder Essay -- Health Medicine Biology The Hysteria Over Conversion Disorder Scientists in fields connected to neurobiology and psychiatry remain mystified about the cause of Conversion Disorder. The disorder is characterized by physical symptoms of a neurological disorder, yet no direct problem can be found in the nervous system or other related systems of the body. This fact alone is not unusual; many diseases and symptoms have unknown origins. Conversion Disorder, however, seems to stem from "trivial" to traumatic psychological events and emotions rather than biological events. The extreme symptoms often disappear as quickly as they appear without the patient consciously controlling or feigning them. Thus, Conversion Disorder serves as a significant example of how blurred the conceived demarcated divisions of mind/body/behavior can be. Conversion Disorder is diagnosed solely by its physical symptoms seen in patients. Symptoms can be divided up into three groups: sensory, motor and visceral. Sensory symptoms include anesthesia, analgesia, tingling, and blindness. Motor symptoms may consist of disorganized mobility, tremors, tics, or paralysis of any muscle groups including vocal cords. Visceral functions include spells of coughing, vomiting belching, and trouble swallowing (1). Most of these symptoms are strikingly similar to existing neurological disorders that have definitive organic causes. Conversion Disorder, on the other hand, defies the nerve patterns and functions from which the symptoms should follow. CT scans and MRIs of patients with Conversion Disorder exclude the possibility of a lesion in the brain or spinal cord, an electroencephalograph rules out a true seizure disorder, and spinal fluid eliminates the possibility of infections or ot... ...ies in the seeming dichotomy between mind and body. This dichotomy however remains a created one for the benefit of our own understanding. Yet, in the case of Conversion Disorder, delineated scientific thinking seems to have prevented our understanding rather than facilitating it; by inspecting the trees, we are missing the forest. References 1)PsychNet-UK http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/conversion_disorder 2)Emedicine: Instant access to the minds of medicine., Dufel, Susan M.D. "Conversion Disorder". http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic112.htm 3)Parobek, Virginia M."Distinguishing conversion disorder from neurologic impairment".Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 04/97. Volume 29. Number 2. p. 128. Infotrack: Expanded Academic , scroll down to E-journals, select Science Direct and search for title http://www.brynmawr.edu/Library/Docs/biology.html

Chaplin vs Buster

Looking at Modern Times we see cater his act to the viewer. Pressured by the public to reflect social and political discrepancies of the world Charlie develops a topical approach to his art. Buster also developed his act to appeal to the masses as I will later discuss but when comparing our two films Charlie's Modern Times Is the one which caters to both the social and political Issues of the day. Beyond the realm of film Charlie holds his own personal commentary about his world and the Issues faced as his book A Comedian Sees the World demonstrates.Still despite his views initially Charlie saw a clear separation between his art and politics. â€Å"Art is the treatment applied to work and has nothing to do with the subject matter. â€Å"2 Despite this by the mid sass it was not enough to be political yourself as an artist it was also expected to be seen in your art. It was following his world tour that he became more out spoken about the condition the Depression had left the world, and decided to give into outside pressures. Like other Charlie films the film Modern Times took straight from the textbook of Chaplain's aesthetic contract where comedy, romance and pathos, would meet.As stated the difference between other early films by Charlie and Modern Times however were the topical allusions used. We can clearly see this in early scenes between the Electro Steel Company's owner and his workers. The boss barks demands throughout the beginning and by the end of the sequence Charlie's character ends up going mad from the oppressive nature of the work place. Another allusion is to link between poverty and crime as we see scenes of Charlie's love interest stealing from the rich to feed both her and her struggling family. It is important to note however that Von Wigging's essay notes that the combination ofChaplain's aesthetic contract as well as, social and political realities was problematic. To him the film does not ring true to the woes of depression when contra sted with the optimism of a go lucky clown. Still this does not discount the topical allusions which were used throughout this film. Unlike Buster this film Is very much a commentary on the world around them. When looking at the gags done in Modern Times the sheer expressiveness of Charlie. Uses the silliness of things like body movements. You especially you can't overlook the obvious facial movements of Charlie compared to the stone faced Buster.For example scenes like when Charlie is being force fed food are pleasurable because of his being over the top clearly contrast scenes in the General like when Buster no longer sees the train in front of him and gives slight facial movement and reaction. This is one of Busters most well know trademarks. Buster got his start in a family vaudeville act and would later grow to own his own production studio where he directed and starred in a number of films. The General is a classic chase film set during the Civil War. It recounts the story of a down on his luck train engineer who gets wrapped up in a daring rescue for the love of his life.Laura Macgregor notes in her paper and as I mentioned Buster Sexton's â€Å"the General. † Buster Keating tries to appeal to sentiments of the time which called for greater realism in comedic gags. 4 If it couldn't happen in real life then it was not real and Buster saw it as an â€Å"impossible gag. † So rather than fantastic gags he would work at keeping his gags realistic. Laura add that by utilizing the long shot with a long take Buster is able to show how authentic his stunts, like when he travels between train carts, can be. This makes the slapstick comedy more believable to the audience ember.One example of another realistic gag is when Buster's character disguises his love as a sac of potatoes. After putting her on the train you catch shots of Buster wincing in pain as he watches soldiers continue loading. 5 This is contrasted with some of the gags in Charlie's' fi lm Modern Times such as the scene when Charlie finds new employment only to mess up and accidentally cast off one of the ships or the scene where he is blind folded and roller skating a few floors up. Cartoonist scenes where Charlie is being rung through the inside of a machine would not hold true to he realism Buster was looking for.It is important to note that Buster did not simply deny suspending belief in all his films, rather he developed a comedic realism within his features in response to audience's wants. To add to the authenticity Keating also believed things should be visually real. From costumes to the genuine armies of people Buster was committed. â€Å"In the general I took a page from history and I stuck to it in all detail. I staged exactly what happened. â€Å"6 Another technique used by Buster in the General, which Laura touches on, was to plant the gag alongside the narrative.Just as audiences called for comedic realism Laura claims audiences of the sass's were l ooking for more sophisticated or complex comedic relief over what many would deem as simple slapstick comedy. † †¦ Almost all of the gags in The General serve similar double duty as gag and narrative element† 7 It is interesting because by doing so gags not only are used to expand on the story but become key in the development and cohesiveness of the film. Once again looking at the scene where Buster potato sacs his damsel the gag is clearly working on the bigger picture of getting them back to their allies.Without this gag the story can not move forward as smoothly. In comparison to more random scenes within Charlie's' Modern Times such as his roller skating scene within the department store. Though comedic it is not intertwined within the plot. To better entertain the public and though both films were not received well for various reasons they commit to growing within there art Just in different ways. Charlie's pressures being that of representing daily life in th e Depression while Buster is more concerned with appealing to audiences' want for a more realistic performance.

French Parts of Speech

Learning French is hard, and its even harder if you dont understand the basics of grammar in your own language. If your mind boggles when people start talking about nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech, this lesson is for you. The eight parts of speech are listed below, with each one bolded in a sample sentence. Click each term to learn more about it, including examples, tips on figuring out which part of speech a particular word belongs to, and links to more detailed lessons. Adjective Je parle lentement parce que les nouveaux à ©tudiants sont à   la table.I am speaking slowly because the new students are at the table. Adverb Je parle lentement parce que les nouveaux à ©tudiants sont à   la table.I am speaking slowly because the new students are at the table. Article Je parle lentement parce que les nouveaux à ©tudiants sont à   la tableI am speaking slowly because the new students are at the table Conjunction Je parle lentement parce que les nouveaux à ©tudiants sont à   la tableI am speaking slowly because the new students are at the table Noun Je parle lentement parce que les nouveaux à ©tudiants sont à   la tableI am speaking slowly because the new students are at the table Preposition Je parle lentement parce que les nouveaux à ©tudiants sont à   la tableI am speaking slowly because the new students are at the table Pronoun Je parle lentement parce que les nouveaux à ©tudiants sont à   la tableI am speaking slowly because the new students are at the table Verb Je parle lentement parce que les nouveaux à ©tudiants sont à   la tableI am speaking slowly because the new students are at the table

Aistear High/Scope and Montessori Pedagogical Methods Essay

This Essay will discuss and identify how Aistear’s four themes- well being, identity belonging, communication and exploring thinking- are represented in the Montessori and High/Scope pedagogical methods. Nà ³irà ­n Hayes explains in her research paper Perspectives On The Relationship Between Education and Care In Ireland (2007), how demand for early years education in Ireland has increased in the last two decades for a multitude of reasons. Due to this growing demand for quality early years education the NCCA (National Council for Curriculum and Assessment) introduced Aistear as the early childhood curriculum framework for 0-6 years in Irish early years settings in 2009. Aistear was introduced as the curriculum framework which when†¦show more content†¦The broad themes listed in the Principles Themes booklet and the accompanying Guidelines for Good Practice and also the User Guide enable Aistear to be adapted for use by practitioners in most child-centered early education methods, such as Montessori and High/Scope. To understand how Aistear fits into both methods of early years education in Ireland one must first look at the curriculum of both High/scope and Montessori me thods of practice. Maria Montessori was the originator and founder of the Montessori Method. She was the first female to graduate as a doctor from her university in Italy. After graduation, Montessoris work with so called â€Å"idiot children† led to an interest in child development. (M. Beaver et al, 2001, p.379) After researching Montessori was convinced there was a need for special schools catering to children who presented learning disabilities. In 1907, she opened her first school Casa del Bambini in Rome- The first Montessori in Ireland was opened by Sr. Gertrude in 1920 (M. Beaver et al, 2001, p380). Montessori‘s curriculum consists of five areas : †¢ Practical Life Lessons (every day activities). †¢ Sensorial Exercises (activities promoting senses). †¢ Language Exercises (learning words, adjectives etc.). †¢ Mathematics Exercises (number concepts etc.). †¢

A Natural Setting Using Images Aid Memory Recall - 1432 Words

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate in a natural setting whether images aid memory recall as did Bower in 1972. There are two conditions; condition 1 involving a grid of random words supported by images and condition 2 consisting only of random words. 6 participants were used for this research study, 4 were males and 2 were females aged from 23 - 40 gained through opportunity sampling. There were two groups/conditions of 3 (2 males, 1 female). The independent variables were materials for each condition (random words with images and words without images). The dependent was the recall from each participant. The results measured using central tendency and measures of dispersion, moderately showed participants were able to recall more words in condition 1 words with images than of condition 2 words without images. From the results of the study it can be concluded that there is evidence to illustrate that people do remember more with the aid of visual representation and also evidence to illustrate people remember more without any visual representation. Implications for further research is the effects of gender recall and discover if there is a significant effect for the sex of a participant on the types of gender associated images recalled and to compare the effects of visual and semantic codes in depth. Introduction This experiment will investigate the effects of words and words with imagery on memory recall. Memory is the process by which we retainShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Mnemonic Devices For Memory Retention2843 Words   |  12 Pages The Application of Mnemonic Devices to Memory Retention: Employing the Method of Loci Sarah K. Fredrick, Christine M. Johnston, Tram H. 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Art therapy is an effective treatment for people experiencing developmental, medical, educational, and social or psychological impairment. Other individuals who benefit from art therapy include those who have survived trauma resulting from combat, abuse, and natural disaster, along with individuals whoRead MoreRealisms Effect on Chekhov and Stanislavsky, and their Influence on Theatre Today1967 Words   |  8 Pagessupport his family. He received a scholarship from the Moscow University to study medic ine, and began to write short, humorous stories for magazines to make money. Realism captured â€Å"life as it actually is,† and Chekhov did this in his plays by having natural dialogue, relatable characters and situations that could happen in everyday life. This type of writing was revolutionary and â€Å"experimental† at the time because it strayed from the typical â€Å"melodrama that had dominated Russian theatre† and made a gateway

The Extent to Which Judicial Precedent Prevents Judicial Activism free essay sample

The concept of judicial activism requires a departure from the current law in that it is a term used to refer to a judge who makes law either by refusing to apply â€Å"existing† law or by replacing it.[1]   Judicial precedent, on the other hand, dictates that â€Å"like cases should be decided alike.†[2]   Although these basic definitions of judicial activism and judicial precedent appear to represent opposing philosophies, a closer examination of the doctrine of judicial precedent narrows the gap. While judicial activism can be limited by the operation of the doctrine of precedent, the latter philosophy does not function to prevent judicial activism altogether.  Ã‚   This essay will argue that judicial activism is a broadly defined term and as such is operational within the flexible framework of judicial precedent.   In order to effectively make this argument this essay is divided into two parts.   The first part will examine the doctrine of judicial activism and the second part will examine the doctrine of precedent with a view to demonstrating how and why it does not prevent judicial activism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Extent to Which Judicial Precedent Prevents Judicial Activism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Judicial Activism Tushnet’s discussion of judicial activism defines the concept in the context of judicial restraint.   In this regard, judicial activism is understood as a method of judicial review juxtaposed against parliamentary sovereignty.[3]   Advocates for judicial   review argue that judges’ approach to constitutional law should be guided by restraint rather than by activism.[4]   In other words, judicial restraints demands that judges interpret â€Å"primary legislation† so that it comports with â€Å"constitutional norms†, and judicial activism permits judges to invalidate primary legislation.[5] In line with this understanding of the mechanics of judicial activism, Kmiec defines judicial activism as â€Å"judicial invalidation of legislation enactment.†[6]   The operation of judicial restraint and judicial activism was adequately illustrated by the High Court of Australia in the case of R v L [1991] 174 CLR 379.   In this case, the High Court of Australia had for determination the question of whether or not a criminal charge of rape against one’s spouse was inconsistent with established criminal law and the provisions of the Family Law Act 1975.[7] The appellant argued that the criminal charge of rape was inconsistent with the Family Law Act in that the latter implied that the institution of marriage conferred upon the parties an obligation to consent to sexual intercourse, an essential element of the crime of rape. Moreover, common law principles of criminal law had established that a spouse could not be guilty of rape.  Ã‚   The Act under which the appellant had been charged with rape was therefore inconsistent with common law and the Family Law Act.[8] The High Court of Australia however, not only ruled against established common law   principles of criminal law with respect to marital rape, but also contended that the principle itself was no more than a legal fiction, as it had not only been overruled by other Commonwealth courts, but had been legislated against in Australia.[9]   The court also ruled that the even if the law was such that a spouse could not withhold consent to sexual relations with other spouse, things had changed to such an extent that this tenet of law is inconsistent with modern society’s view of the marital relationship[10] This case and the court’s approach to statute and common law developments appears to illustrate that judicial activism and judicial restraint functions very closely.   The judges in this particular case were careful in their construction of the seemingly inconsistent laws so that a correct balance was found between the law as it was and the laws as it should be, from the perspective of society’s view of the matter.   While the judges departed from established principles of law, they were able to justify it by reference to developments in the law that tended to support a departure.   So while the judges were predisposed toward judicial activism, they did so with a measure of judicial restraint. This approach too judicial activism and judicial restraint demonstrates a respect for the tenets of judicial precedents, but also recognizes a need for departure from precedents that are no longer consistent with developments in the law and society’s view.   In this regard, the doctrine of precedents did not prevent judicial activism, but rather dictated that the courts apply the law fairly and reasonably, so that departure from previous decisions are justified and explained.   This aspect of the operation of the doctrine of precedents will be explained in greater detail in the section that follows. The approach taken by the High Court of Australia in the case of R v L is also demonstrative of the ongoing practice of judicial activism in the criminal courts in general.  Ã‚   The fact is, quite a number of criminal offences continue to â€Å"remain creatures of the common law.†[11] To this end, decisions by the judiciary remain important for the â€Å"development of criminal law.†[12]   In addition to common law offences, the judiciary is also required to interpret statutory offences.[13]   The result was that by the 20th century, judicial activism was such that the judiciary took a relatively liberal approach to interpreting statutory provisions in the application of criminal law.[14]   This approach to judicial activism continued despite judicial insistence that statutes should be interpreted narrowly.[15] Judicial activism is not limited to the criminal law.   It functions generally in the law with respect to established common law principles and legislative provisions.   The Honourable Justice Raymond Finkelstein explains that the judiciary’s role in â€Å"maintaining and defending constitutionalism† requires â€Å"judicial review of government action.†[16]   In compliance with the tenets of judicial review of government action, the judiciary is necessarily required to interpret and apply statutory provisions so that they correspond with concepts and principles of the constitution, whether express or implied.[17] Intimately tied to this role of the judiciary is the need to ensure that governments do not exercise their executive powers unlawfully.[18] The implications are, that the judiciary is permitted some measure of judicial activism in the sense that they do not subscribe to a practice that permits automatic application of the law.   The rule of law dictates a more flexible approach so that unlawful executive action as well as administrative decision-making â€Å"can be impugned in the courts.†[19] As Finkelstein maintains, it is for the judiciary to determine whether or not statutes and executive powers are lawfully exercised.[20]   In this regard, it is becomes increasingly clear that judicial activism is a necessary component of the rule of law.   In its absence, the government would have free reign to create and administer any law, regardless of how arbitrary. The separation of powers commands judicial activism.   Judicial independence stands in cohesion with the fundamental rights and liberties of the individual â€Å"against the state.†[21]   The result is, the judiciary is required to give reasons for their respective decisions as a means of upholding the rule of law in their position as a bastion between the governed and the government.[22]   This fact alone is indicative of the mechanics and operation of judicial activism.   If judges were not permitted to review legislative provisions and previous decisions, it would be necessary for judges to provide reasons for their decisions.   The law would just be applied blindly. Judicial activism in Australia has vacillated between liberal and conservative approaches, but has not been entirely eradicated.   To illustrate the point, Tina Hunter reviewed the practice of judicial activism in Australia over the last 100 years and divided it into four transitional compartments.[23]   The period from 1903-1920 was marked by a preference for constraints on and separation of government powers and judicial decision making focuses primarily on establishing â€Å"the relative roles of the sates and the federal government.†[24] Subsequent judicial appointments saw a shift away from this approach to a focus on â€Å"strict and complete legalism.†[25] From 1920-1942 with the expansion of the High Court, judicial activism became far more pronounced than previously with the result that there was a â€Å"more expansive view on issues of constitutional interpretation.†[26] The period from 1942-1972 was marked by a return to a strict and legalist approach to judicial decision making.[27]   The guiding principle espoused during this period was a reliance on â€Å"technical legal solutions† over taking account of â€Å"policy or other issues or factors.†[28] From 1975 to the present there was a surge in judicial activism although there remained adherence to legalism.[29]   There were more and more constitutional cases being interpreted and decided in new and creative ways.   Be that as it may, the numbers of judicial activists continued to be out-numbered by the conservative judges who preferred to remain true to the tenets of legalism.   As Hunter explains, the prevailing view among members of the judiciary was that changes in the law â€Å"should be left to Parliament.†[30] Even so, decisions reflecting judicial activism did find its way into the courts. Today’s High Court of Australia currently has two judicial activists, although they are outnumbered by five.[31]   There appears to be a concern among the judiciary that judicial activism ought to be constrained.[32] Even so, this does not mean that judicial activism is prevented.   It merely points to the fact that judicial activism is constrained and in an appropriate case, as witnessed in the R v L case will be utilized when the ends of justice require it. The Australian Law Reform Commission also recognized the existence and practice of judicial activism with respect to aboriginal customary laws and traditions.[33] The Commission noted that judges have typically recognized the â€Å"potential for injustice† by the strict application and interpretation of â€Å"the general law to traditionally oriented Aborignies.†[34] In recognizing the potential for injustice, the judiciary have developed a practice which attempts to balance the application of Aborigines customary laws with the general law by mitigating or refining general laws which do not recognize Aborigines’ customary laws.[35] Ultimately, this approach, like the approach taken in the R v L case indicate that judicial activism, although constrained by a preference to the literal rule of law with respect to statutory interpretations and applications, is invoked in an appropriate case. The Doctrine of Precedents The common law of the British system has been defined in terms of custom.[36] It is this custom that gave way to the doctrine of precedents.[37] The Australian legal system is intricately tied to the English legal system with respect to judicial precedents.[38]   The doctrine of precedents is derived from the Latin term Stare Decisis which means â€Å"let the decision stand.†[39]   There are two primary elements of the doctrine of precedents that automatically give way to the inescapable conclusion that it does not prevent judicial activism.   These elements can be summarized as follows: The legal rule found in the term ratio, dictates that there is no legal rule that can legitimately force â€Å"adherence to previous cases.†[40] It is under the auspices of custom and practice that lead senior judges to adhere to the doctrine of precedents.[41] In other words, the doctrine of precedent is no more than a customary practice that is not binding on judiciary, at least not in a strict sense.   As long as judges want to adhere to custom and practice, they will remain restrained rather than play into the tenets of judicial activism.   It therefore follows that there is nothing in terms of a legal rule of law in the doctrine of precedents that prevent judicial activism.   The approach that judges take to making and modifying laws is entirely voluntary. This interpretation of the mechanics of the doctrine of precedents however, takes on an entirely different meaning within the hierarchy of the court’s system. The lower courts’ judges are not at liberty to over rule a decision of a higher court and are bound by those decisions.[42] There is nothing preventing the lower court overruling a decision of a lower court.   Likewise, while a lower court is bound by its own decision, there is no hard and fast rule preventing it overturning its own decision.   The only guiding principle is that the court does not want to be inconsistent and unpredictable.   This conclusion is inferred from the doctrine of judicial comity which means simply that judges will typically respect the decision of other judges and courts despite the fact that they are not bound to follow them.[43] In order to understand the doctrine of precedent and how it leaves room for judicial activism it is necessary to evaluate the hierarchy of the court system.   This is necessary because the hierarchy of the courts dictates the customs and traditions that fuel and drive the doctrine of precedents.   The lower court’s decisions are not binding on the higher courts among this chain of command and necessarily dictates that judicial activism cannot, based on this structural basis be prevented. At the bottom of the Australian courts sits the Magistrates’ Courts which sits below all the other courts in the Australian court’s hierarchal structure.   Directly above the Magistrates’ court sits the District courts.   Directly above the District courts sits a single judge of the Supreme Court who is in turn accountable to the Court of Appeal.   Running parallel to the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal is the Federal Court of Australia which is presided over by a singly judge over which sits a Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia.   Sitting at the top of the chain of command is the High Court of Australia which has as its lower court a single judge and at the very top is the Full Court of the Australian High Court.[44] In general, courts are bound by the higher courts in the hierarchy under which they sit.[45] Looking at the hierarchal structure of the Australian Courts, the Magistrates’ Court is bound by decisions rendered in the District Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the High Court of Australia.   The District Court is bound by the decisions made by the Supreme Court and each court above it and the chain continues in this vein leaving the High Court of Australia free of obligations to uphold decisions of any of the lower courts. In this regard, there is nothing even in the concept of tradition and practice of the doctrine of precedents that prevent the High Court of Australia adhering to the practice of judicial activism.   The High Court of Australia may if it likes uphold its own decisions on the basis of judicial comity or under the auspices of tradition and custom, but there is not rule of law that binds these courts to its own decisions.   As demonstrated by the decision in R v L, the High Court of Australia will invoke the practice of judicial activism when it deems it appropriate to do so. The only purpose that the doctrine of precedent serves is for the maintenance of â€Å"certainty in law and its orderly development† and it provides a means by which lower courts can benefit from the â€Å"learning, wisdom and general greater judicial ability of higher courts.†[46] In this regard the doctrine of precedent serves a useful purpose, and when it fails to serve that purpose can be departed from, thereby allowing and facilitating judicial activism. Even while engaged in the colonies it was recognized that strict compliance with common law was not always consistent with the circumstances in a particular colony and departure or modifications were necessary.[47]   In other words, judicial activism is viewed as a necessary component of the rule of law. The idea is to apply the rule of law in a manner that is fair, just and reasonable and necessary to meet the ends of justice.   Rigid compliance to existing laws can result in unjust results. Recognizing the futility of strict compliance to judicial precedents, a number of terms have been developed around the doctrine of precedents that indicate that strict compliance is not mandated.   For instance, the mere fact that the term stare decisis was introduced into the doctrine of precedents speaks to the fact that the doctrine is incapable of preventing judicial activism.   The term state decisis implies that a higher court may if it desires uphold a lower court’s decision when in fact it is not bound to do so.[48] By implication, if the lower court’s decision is inconsistent with a higher court’s decision, the higher court may indorse that decision under the auspices of the doctrine of stare decisis, thereby indorsing, rather than preventing the operation of the philosophy of judicial activism.   The term res judicata also by definition implies that there is room for judicial activism.   The term res judicata exist so that if two decisions on vastly similar facts and circumstances are rendered, the earlier decision, having exhausted the appellate process will continue to stand.   This is so, although a later decision is inconsistent with the earlier decision.[49]   This term would not be necessary at all if the doctrine of judicial precedent functioned to prevent judicial activism, because precedent would dictate that the courts are bound by the earlier decision. Moreover, higher courts are at liberty to uphold a lower court’s decision and this will be accomplished if and when a lower court’s decision is appealed.   The higher/appellate court may affirm the appeal.[50]   As previously stated, the lower court may have departed from established precedent and the appellate court may be persuaded by the reasoning of the lower court with the result that judicial activism is not prevented but awarded.   Likewise a decision can be reversed on appeal[51] and that decision may have adhered to judicial precedent.   In the hierarchal system of the courts, an appellate court may decide that a lower court’s ruling was wrong and yet another higher appellate court may overrule the previous appellate court’s decision.[52] The introduction of each of these terms and practices in the hierarchal system of the courts indicate that previous decisions are not written in stone.   By making allowances for appeals and the operation of the doctrine of stare decisis, res judicata, the affirmation, reversal or overruling of previous decisions, judicial activism is not prevented, but simply accommodated by the doctrine of judicial precedent. Additional terms such as approved, followed, considered, referred, doubted and distinguished each speak to the utility and operation of judicial activism.   The term approved permits the High Court of Australia to approve a previous decision.[53] Obviously, a previous decision that is merely following judicial precedent does not need approval.   This term will inevitably refer to a ruling that was spawned by judicial activism, since it necessarily infers inconsistency with previous decisions or a venture into entirely new legal territory. The terms doubted and distinguished also indicate that judicial activism is not prevented by the operation of the doctrine of judicial precedent.   The term doubted it used when an earlier decision is considered and although â€Å"thought to be incorrect† is not â€Å"definitely overruled.†[54]   This can only mean, that judicial activism is not only recognized but is also anticipated.   The necessary inference is that although a higher court may find an earlier decision to have departed from judicial precedent and might doubt the correctness of the ruling it will not automatically overrule or quash the previous decision. Likewise the term â€Å"distinguished† permits judges to depart from previous rulings under the auspices of the doctrine of precedent on the grounds that the facts of the current case are different from the facts of an earlier decision.[55] In fact, it can be argued that the customs and traditions that gave way to the doctrine of judicial precedent, also gave way to the notion of judicial activism.   This observation is made possible by the patterns inherent in the development of the English Common Law.   A number of statutory provisions, for example Partnership Act 1890, the Sale of Goods Act 1893, the Bills of Exchange Act 182 and the Marine Insurance Act 1906 are all codifying statutes in that they codified the â€Å"existing rules† that were â€Å"developed by the courts of Common Law.†[56] In many ways the codifying of judge-made law in this manner is tantamount to judges legislating from the bench, although in an indirect way.   This occurs despite the operation of the doctrine of judicial precedent.   So judges do not blindly follow precedents and nor do they strictly comport with the legalism strategy of interpreting legislation.   Judges make law themselves and while they attempt to be consistent with previous decisions and interpretations of statutes, they do invoke the philosophy of judicial activism. Conclusion On its surface, the doctrine of judicial precedent is in direct conflict with the philosophy of judicial activism.   The doctrine of judicial precedent implies that all current and future cases will be bound by a previous case, provided they are all founded on vastly similar facts. On the other hand, judicial activism by implication means that a judge departs from established law and makes a decision that goes against a previous decision and can even involve a declaration that a particular piece of legislation is invalid.   However, a closer examination of the doctrine of judicial precedents and the manner in which judicial activism plays out throughout history demonstrates that despite their opposing definitions, the doctrine of judicial precedent does not prevent judicial activism. Terminology such as res judicata, distinguished, affirmed, overruled and stare decisis have all arose out of judicial activism. These terms tend to lend weight to the belief that judges do in fact depart from the doctrine of judicial precedent.   The research reveals that judges will in an appropriate case declare established law inconsistent with current social views and depart from previous decisions.   So while judges may make a conscious decision to respect the doctrine of judicial precedent, they will balance the utility of this respect against the ends of justice and ultimately will see that justice is done.   If this means departing from judicial precedents or declaring a legislative provision ultra vires the constitution, judges will ultimately take this route. This is not to say that all judges will uphold the constitution.   Judges are human and can make errors in law and in judgment.   This alone speaks to the fact that judicial activism is necessary.   A future judge recognizing an error in law of a previous decision will be able to overrule that decision under the auspices of judicial activism and despite the operation of the doctrine of precedent.   In the final analysis, judicial precedent is no more than a custom and while it can prevent judicial activism, it does not.   The most that can be said is that the doctrine of precedent restrains judicial activism, so that the law is administered consistently and with a degree of certainty.  Ã‚   It does not however, insist upon the administration of injustice, enabling judicial activism. Bibliography Australian Law Reform Commission. ‘Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws.’ (ALRC 31, 1986) Chapter 6 paras 198-209. Ashworth, A. ‘General Principles of Common Law.’ Cited in D. Feldman (ed) English Public Law. (2004) Campbell, T. ‘Judicial Activism – Justice or Treason?’ (2003) 12 Otago Law Review, 1-22. Finkelstein, R. ‘The Role of the Judge: Judicial Activism and the Rule of Law.’ (2006) 9 Flinders Journal of Law Reform, 17-28 Grant J. ‘The Development of the English Common Law.’ Cited in The Anglo-American Legal System (1941) Hanson, S. Legal Method and Reasoning. (Routledge Cavendish, 2003) 31. http://books.google.com/books?id=-x3JSWIBPVcCpg=PA31lpg=PA31dq=custom+and+the+doctrine+of+precedentssource=blots=Niswe0dAGysig=AqbWzUJzGOzHGDc0yTAKEg9w-XIhl=enei=DFf8SY_9EcnJtget1fnFCgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7 Retrieved 30 April, 2009. Hunter, T. ‘Rule of Law, Separation of Powers and Judicial Decision   Making in Australia – Part 2.’ (2005) Faculty of Law/Law Papers, 13-16 Kiralfy, A. The English Legal System. (3rd Ed, Sweet Maxwell, 1960) Kmiec, K. ‘The Origin and Current Meanings of â€Å"Judicial Activism.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (2004) California Law Review, 1442-1477,   1463. http:/www.constitution.org/lrev/kmiec/judicial_activism.htm Retrieved April 30, 2009. MacAdam, A. and Pyke, J. Judicial Reasoning and the Doctrine of Precedent in Australia. (1998) Roberts, R. Commonwealth and Colonial Law. (1966) R v L [1991] 174 CLR 379 Tushnet, M. ‘Judicial Review in a Section 33 World.’(2002) 52 University of Toronto Law Journal, 89-100 Walsh, F. ‘A Reader in Commonsense Judicial Activism.’ 31www.hcourt.gov.au Retrieved 30 April 2009..